1. Urist MR, O’Connor BT, Burwell RG. Bone graft, derivatives & substitutes. Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.
2. Hampel GA, Yilmaz E, Massrey C, Clifton W, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. History of bone grafts in spine surgery. Cureus. 2022;14(5):e24655.
3. Lee BJ, Seok MC, Koo HW, Jeong JH, Ko MJ. Bone substitute options for spine fusion in patients with spine trauma — Part I: fusion biology, autografts, allografts, demineralized bone matrix, and ceramics. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2023;19(4):446-53.
4. Giannoudis PV, Dinopoulos H, Tsiridis E. Bone substitutes: an update. Injury. 2005;36 Suppl 3:S20-27.
5. Boden SD. Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27:S26-31.
6. Bridwell KH, DeWald RL. Bridwell and DeWald’s textbook of spinal surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
7. Morone MA, Boden SD, Martin G, Hair G, Titus L. Gene expression during autograft lumbar spine fusion and the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2. Clin Orthop. 1998;351:252-65.
8. Stevenson S, Emery SE, Goldberg VM. Factors affecting bone graft incorporation. Clin Orthop. 1996;324:66-74.
9. Younger EM, Chapman MW. Morbidity at bone graft donor sites. J Orthop Trauma. 1989;3:192-95.
10. Hu RW, Bohlman HH. Fracture at the iliac bone graft harvest site after fusion of the spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;309:208-13.
11. Burwell RG. The fate of bone grafts. In: Apley AG, editor. Recent advances in orthopaedics. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1969.
12. Khan SN, Cammisa FP Jr, Sandhu HS, et al. The biology of bone grafting. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005;13:77-86.
13. Sandhu HS, Grewal HS, Parvataneni H. Bone grafting for spinal fusion. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999;30:685-98.
14. Johnson R. Bone marrow concentrate with allograft equivalent to autograft in lumbar fusions. Spine. 2014;39(9):695-700.
15. Hart R, Komzák M, Okál F, et al. Allograft alone versus allograft with bone marrow concentrate for the healing of instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion. Spine J. 2014;14(7):1318-24.
16. Boyce T, Edwards J, Scarborough N. Allograft bone: the influence of processing on safety and performance. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999;30:571-81.
17. Fleming JE Jr, Cornell CN, Muschier GF. Bone cells and matrices in orthopedic tissue engineering. Orthop Clin North Am. 2000;31:357-74.
18. Shields LB, Raque GH, Glassman SD, et al. Adverse effects associated with high-dose rhBMP-2 in anterior cervical spine fusion. Spine. 2006;31(5):542-47.
19. Smucker JD, Rhee JM, Singh K, et al. Increased swelling complications associated with off-label usage of rhBMP-2 in the anterior cervical spine. Spine. 2006;31(24):2813-19.
20. Baskin DS, Ryan P, Sonntag V, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled cervical fusion study using rhBMP-2. Spine. 2003;28(12):1219-25.
21. Carragee EJ, Hurwitz EL, Weiner BK. A critical review of rhBMP-2 trials in spinal surgery. Spine J. 2011;11(6):471-91.
22. Jorgenson SS, Lowe TG, France J, et al. A prospective analysis of autograft versus allograft in posterolateral lumbar fusion. Spine. 1994;19:2048-53.
23. Aurori BF, Weierman RJ, Lowell HA, et al. Pseudarthrosis after spinal fusion for scoliosis: a comparison of autogeneic and allogeneic bone grafts. Clin Orthop. 1985;199:153-58.
24. Cohen DB, Chotivichit A, Fujita T, et al. Pseudarthrosis repair: autogenous iliac crest vs femoral ring allograft. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;371:46-55.
25. Kleinstueck FS, Hu SS, Bradford DS. Use of allograft femoral rings for spinal deformity in adults. Clin Orthop. 2002:84-91.
26. Gao Y, Li J, Cui H, et al. Comparison of intervertebral fusion rates of different bone graft materials in XLIF. Medicine. 2019;98(44):e17685.
27. Kasis AG, Jensen C, Dharmadhikari R, et al. Novel bone grafting technique in ALIF using allograft and autograft (“Northumbria Technique”). Eur Spine J. 2021;30:1296-1302.
28. Dodd CA, Fergusson CM, Freedman L, et al. Allograft versus autograft bone in scoliosis surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70:431-34.
29. Fernandez de Grado G, Keller L, Idoux-Gillet Y, et al. Bone substitutes: a review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management. J Tissue Eng. 2018;9:2041731418776819.
30. Louis-Ugbo J, Murakami H, Kim HS, et al. Evidence of osteoinduction by Grafton DBM in spinal fusion. Spine. 2004;29:360-66.
31. Hsu WK, Polavarapu M, Riaz R, et al. Nanocomposite therapy vs rhBMP-2 in rodent arthrodesis model. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(12):1812-19.
32. Peterson B, Whang PG, Iglesias R, et al. Osteoinductivity of commercially available DBM preparations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(10):2243-50.
33. Lee YP, Jo M, Luna M, et al. Efficacy of DBM substances in rat model. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005;18(5):439-44.
34. LeGeros RZ. Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: calcium phosphates. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(395):81-98.
35. Tadjoedin ES, de Lange GL, Lyaruu DM, et al. Closure of extraction sockets with bioactive glass. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(11):1287-95.
36. Hulbert SF, Young FA, Mathews RS, et al. Ceramic materials as skeletal prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res. 1970;4(3):433-56.
37. Yoshikawa H, Tamai N, Murase T, et al. Porous HA ceramics for bone tissue engineering. J R Soc Interface. 2009;6 Suppl 3:S341-48.
38. Ohgushi H, Goldberg VM, Caplan AI. Heterotopic osteogenesis in porous ceramics. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(4):568-78.
39. Muschler GF, Raut VP, Patterson TE, et al. Animal models for translational research in bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(1):123-45.
40. Muschler GF, Nitto H, Boehm CA, et al. Age- and gender-related changes in bone marrow cellularity. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(1):117-25.